How does Shakespeare present the relationship between ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the early part of the play Essays

How does Shakespeare present the connection among ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the early piece of the play Essays How does Shakespeare present the connection among ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the early piece of the play Paper How does Shakespeare present the connection among ‘Romeo and Juliet’ in the early piece of the play Paper Exposition Topic: Romeo and Juliet In the sixteenth century a male centric culture, where men commanded ladies, implied that ladies had next to no say in relationships. At the point when Shakespeare initially presented ‘Romeo and Juliet’ just because their sort of relationship was unbelievable and dubious. Organized relationships were extremely basic at the time contingent upon your economic wellbeing and love had no importance. Ladies had no rights and were seen as the ‘property’ of the spouse. Men additionally had no regard for ladies and frequently attacked different towns for spouses. At the time wedding at 12 years old had all the earmarks of being typical, but at this point is glared at, yet seeing this from a lacking, social nation would even now seem, by all accounts, to be ordinary. Shakespeare introduced connections by the manner in which the characters communicated, utilizing emotional gadgets and furthermore further improved it with the background fight. The guys in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ are typically depicted as forceful, serious and rough; then again ladies being the more vulnerable and subordinate sex are ruled by the male. ‘Tis valid; and hence ladies being the more fragile vessels, are ever pushed to the wall;† From this scene you can see that ladies are being viewed as powerless and are not worth the guys time so will be pushed in a bad spot. Ladies are seen as the guys ‘property’ and are required to hear them out truly. Additionally the guys are the more prevailing sex all through the play. Shakespeare was introducing the play as it seemed to be; the cliché picture of men being rambunctious and ladies who had no privilege or possessed anything. Shakespeare depicted Romeo and Juliet as equivalent rather than the cliché irregularity of fairness of the sixteenth century. Toward the start of the play you can see a demoralized Romeo. He thinks he has gone gaga for Rosaline when in established truth he hasn’t. â€Å"Why at that point, O fighting affection! O adoring scorn! † Romeo is delineated as a ‘typical Petrarchan lover’ where he adores Rosaline however she doesn’t love him back on the grounds that she needed to stay a chaste. Romeo doesn't really cherish Rosaline as when he later meets Juliet he overlooks Rosaline rapidly and shows an increasingly energetic love towards Juliet. Shakespeare underscores Romeo’s love by utilizing an ironic expression, which makes a dumbfounding picture in the perusers mind befuddling them and creates another idea or significance. Romeo’s relationship with Juliet was all consuming, instant adoration. Their affection for one another was enthusiastic as opposed to being constrained like it as a rule was at that point. â€Å"If I profane with my unworthiest hand This sacred holy place, the delicate fine is this†. The social setting at the time implied that adoration marriage wasn’t normal anyway Romeo and Juliet promptly experience passionate feelings for when they initially meet one another. Juliets love for Romeo is guiltless as she is unpracticed in the subject of affection, while Romeo falls all through adoration effectively and quickly needs to wed her. Romeo thinks about Juliet to a blessed hallowed place and offers his lips as pioneers to kiss her. Here, Shakespeare is utilizing strict symbolism to show that their affection for one another is unadulterated and acceptable. He is likewise sabotaging the sexual orientation jobs, subverting the set up social setting, where the male is predominant however here Juliet is the more prevailing character. The celebrated gallery scene from ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is one of the most sentimental scenes in the play. â€Å"It is the east and Juliet is the sun! Emerge, reasonable sun, and slaughter the jealous moon†. Here Romeo is contrasting Juliet with a sun; he is stating that she is a splendid heavenly attendant and more lovely than the moon. Beforehand Juliet was contrasted with a hallowed place and now to a sun depicting how Romeo feels for Juliet and how what position he has for Juliet in his heart. Moreover, Shakespeare is utilizing an analogy to depict that everything rotates around Juliet and she is a real existence power. Once more, Shakespeare is sabotaging the sexual orientation jobs; he is making Juliet the incredible character. You can see this by the situating of Romeo, on the ground, and Juliet higher up than him, in the overhang, representing she is progressively predominant. Additional confirmation of this is Juliet making brave activities, for example, requesting that Romeo wed her. To close the huge thing I notice is the setting during which the play was composed. It was historic in the feeling of how Shakespeare introduced connections and sex jobs and depicted them so everything being equal. It was uncommon for such a play to be discharged with such enthusiastic sentiment. By and by, this play has featured how fortunate we are in the advanced society, to have the option to have the opportunity to begin to look all starry eyed at who we need. Nonetheless, the reality remains that this despite everything is an on-going issue in underdeveloped nations where they are holding the convention of organized relationships. So this can't come as a stun in light of the fact that sexual orientation generalizations despite everything exist in social families, despite the fact that we are uninformed of it living in a created present day society.

Paramedic Professionals free essay sample

Despite the fact that paramedics work close by other crisis administrations and social insurance suppliers, they are not named human services experts, accordingly, working freely from these associations and self-sufficiently inside their own state emergency vehicle associations. Through investigating the advancement of paramedic practice and their job as a human services supplier, the present status of paramedics as a semi calling is clarified alongside what further improvement is required before they become a perceived calling. In seeing how paramedics work self-governingly inside their own state based associations, the idea of extent of training and proof based practice is investigated. At last by examining how paramedics are free, we set up paramedics’ job and position inside the Australian Health Care System. A paramedic is a medicinal services proficient At present in Australia, paramedics are not delegated enrolled social insurance experts. (Smith 2012) Instead, paramedics are generally viewed as semi-experts with the possibility to turn into a completely perceived calling sooner rather than later. The meaning of calling and the rules to turn into a perceived calling are not highly contrasting. Callings Australia characterized a calling as ‘a taught gathering of people who hold fast to moral norms and who have unique information and aptitudes in a broadly perceived group of taking in got from research, instruction and preparing at an elevated level. ’ (Allied Health Professions Australia 2008: 8) Whilst Wilinsky (1964) depicts 4 key components that are fundamental for the procedure of professionalization. These incorporate; the usage of a brought together code of morals and guidelines, achieving proficient permitting, enrollment and accreditation, the foundation of college study and training and the improvement of full-time occupation and arrangement of word a related area. In the course of recent years the jobs of paramedics have changed quickly, with changes despite everything happening at the present. Paramedics have progressed from ‘stretcher bearers’ knew as emergency vehicle officials, to todays’ paramedics who are all day laborers and can control broad pre medical clinic care. Alongside the progressions to the idea of the paramedics’ work, there has likewise been a noteworthy change in the manner paramedics are prepared. ‘Training for paramedics has progressed from hands on preparing gave by State and Territory Ambulance Services to professional capabilities and all the more as of late, advanced education (University) area capabilities. ’(Williams, Brown, Onsman 2012: 6) These progressions to advanced education preparing and all day work, has took into account paramedics to draw one stage nearer in turning into a perceived calling. A survey of normal expert attributes proposes two fundamental regions where the order misses the mark and it is that paramedics don't have ‘national enlistment and guideline bringing about expert poise and accreditation’ and they don't across the nation capabilities that connect from tertiary training to the paramedic administrations (Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 1) Firstly, enrollment with regards to social insurance experts, is the way toward authorizing and enlisting clinicians to rehearse at a uniform national standard of care. Efficiency Commission 2005 in Williams, Brown, Osman 2012: 7) Registration takes into account consistency in instruction and preparing across the country, and guarantees paramedics work inside the arrangements of their extent of training. (Gathering of Ambulance Authorities 2008) Secondly, there are no national college standard degree abilities or a national educational plan according to paramedic preparing. This prompts an irregularity betwee n the educational plans instructed to paramedic understudies. This is additionally bothered by emergency vehicle benefits as they work autonomously from the Australian Health care System and of the colleges also. Williams, Brown, Osman) all in all, without the usage of across the country enrollment, authorizing and instruction capabilities, paramedics will keep on being perceived as a semi-calling. Working independently Paramedics are associated social insurance suppliers who are working self-rulingly at a state level inside their own rescue vehicle administrations. The United States National Library of Medicine characterizes self-governance as the ‘decisions and the opportunity to act as per ones expert information base. (Nurs 2010: 1) In the paramedic calling this information base is known as an extent of training. Inside each state based paramedic association, there is enactment and rules that layout the extent of which a specific qualified paramedic can work in. Extent of training alludes to ‘the degree to which suppliers may render Health care administrations and the degree they may do so autonomously and the kind of maladies, illnesses, and wounds a social insurance supplier may address and what methodology and prescription they can give. ’ (Prats amp; Katz 2012: 13) For instance, in Queensland, while out on street paramedics have the opportunity to settle on their own choices and decisions dependent on their insight, as long as it is lawful in the enactment of the Queensland Ambulance Service Ambulance Service Act 1991 (Qld) and inside the extent of training of the paramedics capabilities. (Queensland Consolidated Acts 2010) As paramedics increase further information and experience all the more preparing, the extent of training of this paramedic will increment. The bigger the extent of training, the more self-governingly the paramedic can work. Presently in Queensland there has been an expanded attention to more unfortunate patient results and troubles in getting to clinical assistance in provincial and remote regions. (Skyline 2007 in O’Meara 2011) In an endeavor to build positive patient results, extended extension jobs have been brought into the Australian Health Care System, permitting certain paramedics to apply abilities and conventions for which they were not initially prepared. (Authentic, Pedler, Walker 2007) This builds the paramedics’ self-rule inside their field which permits them to work for better patient results. Paramedics are likewise profoundly independent as they as often as possible use proof based practice as a methods for new research and strategy. In the pre emergency clinic care condition, ‘rather than settling on choices about training activities dependent on routine and generally showed strategies, paramedics use proof recognized from very much developed examinations as a reason for the clinical choices and practices. ’ (Curtis amp; Ramsden 2011: 111) Evidence based practice happens through ‘integrating individual clinical aptitude with the best accessible outside clinical proof from deliberate research. (Sackett amp; Rosenberg 1996: 1) This can possibly happen when an individual is given self-rule inside their field of work. All in all, as paramedics have the opportunity to settle on choices inside their extent of training and can use proof based practice, paramedics are self-ruling inside a state level. Working autonomously inside The Australian Health Care Sys tem Although paramedics work nearby the Australian Health Care System, paramedics are free of this framework. The Houghton Mifflin Company 2011 characterizes autonomous as being ‘not administered by an outside force; self-overseeing. Paramedics are represented by their own state based associations and are discrete and free of the clinics and the Australian Health Care System. When managing any offense or requests, not at all like medical attendants and specialists whose administering power is the Australian Health Care System, paramedics approach their own state based association. Taking everything into account, despite the fact that the paramedics work related to other social insurance suppliers both all through the clinic setting, paramedics administration is free of other human services administrations and the Australian Health Care System. Willis, McCarthy, Lazarsfeld-Jensen and O’Meara 2009: taking everything into account paramedics are self-governing and autonomou s human services suppliers who work close by the Australian Health Care framework. In spite of the fact that paramedics work nearby other crisis administrations and human services suppliers in both the all through medical clinic care condition, they are not delegated social insurance experts. Be that as it may, with the execution of across the country educational programs and moral guidelines, paramedics can move from a semi calling to completely perceived calling. Paramedics have the opportunity to settle on choices inside their extent of training and can use proof based work on, making paramedics self-governing inside a state level. Through the expanding of paramedics’ extent of training in certain condition, for example, country regions and using proof based practice we see endeavors to build positive patient results. At long last, paramedics are free from the Australian Health Care System as they are self-represented by their own state based associations.

On Reading Prison Writing Where To Find It and What To Read

On Reading Prison Writing Where To Find It and What To Read Some names that come to mind when you think about prison writing might include Martin Luther King, Jr. and Angela Davis, or, more recently, Lil Wayne and Gucci Mane. Their stories exemplify the range of texts that come out of the prison system, by way of both activism and memoir. But what about those who are in prison right now? I’m providing a list here of ways to read imprisoned writers by reading their work. The most famous organization involved with this type of work is probably PEN America’s Prison Writing Program, which was started in 1971. It has three main ways to engage imprisoned people with writing. They have a handbook for writing, an annual writing contest, and a mentorship program that offers workshopping. They post their contest winners for poetry, fiction, essay, memoir, and drama every March. Prison Writers  has a great site that publishes and pays writers who are in prison. Their goal is to expose what goes on in prison. These essays range from topics like physical living conditions to coping with long-term imprisonment. Right now, unfortunately, they’re not taking submissions because they are in need of more volunteers to work with them. Prison Writes offers writing workshops to imprisoned people at different organizations. The themes of these workshops include therapeutic writing, advocacy, and memoir. They also have a blog that publishes imprisoned or previously imprisoned writers. These posts discuss problems with sentencing, issues relating to education in prison, and organization updates. The Marshall Project also has a section on their site entitled Life Inside, which are personal essays written with by people who have first person accounts of prison, including those who have gone to prison, taught there, or work there. Some of these essays cover forced labor, romantic relationships, and dealing with death. This rest of the site also has many articles on various aspects of the prison industrial system. Writing to imprisoned people is the most interactive way to engage. If you don’t personally know anyone in prison, there are a few sites that can match you up with people who are looking for pen pals. Prison Writes has a pen pal program called Project Solidarity. Write A Prisoner  and Prisoners Project also have ones that you can pick people’s profiles. The U.S. government is always finding new ways to diminish the intellectual integrity of imprisoned people. Respecting prison writing is one important way to engage with their ideas in their own words.

Geometric Isomerism Cis- and Trans- Mean in Chemistry

Literary Analysis of the Handmaids Tale - 1068 Words

Offred, in Margaret Atwood’s disturbing novel The Handmaid’s Tale says, â€Å"But who can remember pain once it’s over? All that remains of it is a shadow, not in the mind even, in the flesh. Pain marks you, but too deep to see. Out of sight, out of mind.† The society of Gilead causes the aforementioned pain and demoralization by using women’s bodies as political instruments. Similar to Atwood’s novel, today’s men put immense pressure on women to be a certain way, give them children, and take care of the home and the like. In Atwood’s novel, The Handmaid’s Tale, she examines the theme of demoralization of women through graphic predictions of what women’s futures may look like. In 1 Corinthians 6: 19-20, the Bible states, â€Å"Or do you not know†¦show more content†¦They are reduced to their fertility, treated as nothing more than a set of ovaries and a womb. In one of the novel’s key scenes, Offre d lies in the bath and reflects that, before Gilead, she considered her body an instrument of her desires; now, she is just a mound of flesh surrounding a womb that must be filled in order to make her useful. Gilead seeks to deprive women of their individuality in order to make them docile carriers of the next generation. Throughout the entire text of The Handmaid s Tale, the ruling totalitarian government does what is in its power to attempt to isolate women from society. Not only do are the women isolated from society in terms of sexual contact (or any contact, for that matter), with men, but they are also individualized within the gender itself and separated from each other. Evidence of this isolation is available throughout the novel in different levels. The first level, perhaps the harshest, is the division of genders, with women like the Handmaids unable to communicate with unmarried men. Offred s separation from men is apparent when she compares herself to the power of a dog bone (29), but the bone is held out of reach (29). This depicts how there is a strict gender division that disallows them to even communicate with each other, much less have sex. For the Angels, they are not even allowed to look at the so-called dog bone. When we areShow MoreRelatedThe Characters of Women in The Handmaids Tale and The Bell Jar1504 Words   |  7 Pages Women in The Handmaids Tale and The Bell Jar nbsp; Sylvia Plaths renowned autobiographical legend The Bell Jar and Margaret Atwoods fictional masterpiece The handmaids tale are the two emotional feminist stories, which basically involve the womens struggle. Narrated with a touching tone and filled with an intense feminist voice, both novels explore the conflict of their respective protagonists in a male dominated society. In spite of several extraordinary similarities in termsRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale931 Words   |  4 PagesHandmaid s Tale captures the limitations and social implications forced upon a set gender based on societal expectations. Gender is a social construct that limits the individual to the restrictions and traditions of a society, or if it’s an individually formed self-identification of sex and sexuality that is formed autonomously. Evidence of gender establishment can be seen within literary works and supported by various schools of gender and sexuality theory. Joseph Culler describes literary theory asRead MoreHow Are the Two Female Protagonists Offred from â€Å"the Handmaids Tale† by Magaret Atwood and Celie from â€Å"the Color Purple† by Alice Walker Oppressed by Men, in What Ways Are Their Situations Similar and How Do They Deal4443 Words   |  18 Pagesfrom â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale† by Magaret Atwood and Celie from â€Å"The Color Purple† by Alice Walker oppressed by men, in what ways are their situations similar and how do they deal with the pressure and abuse?† Abstract The purpose of this essay is to look at how the two protagonist women, Offred from â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale† and Celie from â€Å"The Color Purple† are treated in literature. This essay aims to answer the question: â€Å"How are the two protagonist women Offred from â€Å"The handmaid’s tale† and CelieRead MoreLiterary Analysis of the Handmaids Tale1863 Words   |  8 Pagesdictatorship and that run off a totalitarian government system strip an individual of their civil rights as a human being in order to gain ultimate control over its citizens. A government such as the Republic of Gilead in Margaret Atwood’s work, The Handmaid’s Tale, controls their citizen’s lives to the extent to where they must learn to suppress their emotions and feelings. In the Republic of Gilead, the main character Offred is a handmaid, which is a fertile woman who is assigned to be a surrogate motherRead MoreEssay on Atwoods Framing of the Story in A lias Grace1866 Words   |  8 Pagesnovel. The novel eventually leaves the reader without any sort of answers, although this is due mostly to the face that Atwood seeks not to solve the murder but instead to put a postmodern critique of the past. In order to achieve this postmodern analysis of Victorian America, Atwood employs many different techniques. The novel is a fusion of different genres a common theme of postmodern literature. For example, Alias Grace contains elements of Gothic literature. This was extremely evident by theRead More Censorship in the Classroom Essay2774 Words   |  12 Pagescensored because of their religious, political, or sexual content. RELIGION anti-Christian: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire The Chocolate War, by Robert Cormier More Scary Stories in the Dark by Alvin Schwartz The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez    New Age religion and witches: Impressions Edited by Jack Booth et. al. The Witches by Roald Dahl Curses, Hexes, and Spells by Daniel Cohen Read MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 Pagesplease visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-silentspring/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2007 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare

Building Flexibility Into Contracts Free Essays

The main rationale for building flexibility into an outsourcing contract is based on the premise that factors both internally and externally may change and thus impact the achievement of the desired objectives of the outsourcing. For example, the internal requirements of the sourcing organization may change during the outsourcing contract or another supplier in the supply market may achieve a technology breakthrough, which allows it to realize significant performance improvements. In the latter case, the establishment of a long-term contract with a competing supplier prevents the sourcing organization from accessing the superior capabilities of this supplier. We will write a custom essay sample on Building Flexibility Into Contracts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, incorporating elements into a contract that create flexibility can ensure that the desired benefits are being achieved from outsourcing and in particular, ensure that the sourcing organization is not locked into a relationship with an uncompetitive supplier. Likewise, building flexibility into contracts aids organizations in benefiting from the outsourcers’ cost improvements as they occurred, avoid lawsuits and save face in the future. Ways to Build Flexibility into Contracts McIvor (2005) related that flexibility can be achieved through either incomplete or incentive contracts. Incomplete contracting creates a situation in which parts of the contract can be renegotiated based upon changes in circumstances. It is mainly concerned with optimization over time, seeking to minimize the costs of adapting to the constantly changing conditions of the economic environment. There are a number of methods incorporating flexibility into a contract through incomplete contracting like price flexibility, renegotiation, contract length and early termination (Langfield-Smith, Smith and Stringer, 2000). Price flexibility allows prices to be renegotiated as circumstances change during the contract. Incorporating price flexibility means that all future contingencies do not have to be fully considered at the outset, as the buyer and supplier are aware that prices can be adjusted to reflect changes in circumstances. For example, changes in the requirements of the sourcing organization during the contract may necessitate an adjustment in prices. In renegotiation, mechanisms are incorporated into the contract that allow for renegotiation based upon changes in the business environment. The contract may include specific clauses under which renegotiation should occur including fixed calendar dates or changes in economic indices. Renegotiation often involves renegotiating more than price and can also focus on the terms of contract. The employment of shorter contracts can be employed to achieve flexibility. At the end of the contract period a new contract can be negotiated that reflects the current circumstances both internally and externally. Rather than have the five- to seven-year contracts of the last decade, contracts are now being broken into manageable timeframes which have short initial terms and options for extensions. Few organizations can predict their needs with any certainty over long lengths of time, thus it is prudent to have flexibility over the contract continuance. A clause may be incorporated into the contract that sets out the conditions under which the contract may be terminated. The omission of such a clause can result in considerable penalties in the event of the contract being terminated prematurely. Incentive contracting, on the other hand, involves incorporating mechanisms into the contract that allow the supplier to share any cost savings or profits generated through the outsourcing relationship (Dimitri, Piga and Spagnolo, 2006). Taking advantage of a contractor’s general objective to maximize profits by giving it the opportunity to earn a greater profit if it performs the contract efficiently lies at the core of incentive contracting. The essence of said contracting type is the effort by one individual or organization (the principal) to induce and reward certain behaviors by another (the agent). It has been the subject of considerable discussion in the economics literature, as incentive contracts are often employed to encourage performance improvements in the outsourcing arrangement in areas such as cost reduction and service levels (Bolton and Dewatripont, 2005). This type of contract stimulates the contractor to limit costs by leaving him a fraction of cost savings, but at the same time it reimburses him some money in case of cost overrun. The contract will include mechanisms that ensure the supplier shares any savings that are realized from performance improvements. Incentivization can create a more cooperative relationship between parties, overcoming the traditional adversarial approach to contracting. The purpose of the incentives is not just to motivate the contractor but to tie performance of all participants to the contract’s objectives. The proper use of an incentive contract aligns the priorities of contract participants who would otherwise have diverse motives. Potential Risks of Building in Too Much Flexibility Nowhere is the potential trade-off between control and flexibility more apparent than when it comes to designing the contract. As with anything that is too much, there are potential risks of building in too much flexibility into contracts. By having too much contract flexibility, short-term opportunistic behavior is more likely, which is why classical legal contracts remove flexibility by building in as much legally enforceable control as possible that protects both parties from such behavior. With respect to incomplete contracting, problems arise when any agreement is negotiated under conditions of incomplete or asymmetric information, risk and uncertainty. It has also been associated with certain organizational costs, as it needs to be revised or renegotiated as the future unfolds. John (2000) identifies three such types of costs: ex post costs of haggling over the terms of the revised contract upon renegotiation; those related to inefficient agreements caused by asymmetric information; and ex ante costs of not investing in relation-specific investments in fear of encountering ‘hold-up’ behavior upon contract renegotiation. Since it is impossible to write a complete contract that specifies what the agent is required to do in all contingencies, legal precedent is employed to determine obligations of the contracting parties that are not explicitly written into a contract. Familiar contractual forms have the advantage that there is a wealth of legal precedent concerning them. Thus, disputes are likely to be resolved speedily. More exotic contractual forms, for which there are few legal precedents, are more prone to costly and acrimonious legal disputes (Aghion and Bolton, 2002). Further, incomplete contracting discourages both relation-specific investments and value-enhancing agreements. When it comes to incentive contracting which operates on the theory of the carrot and the stick (there’s a financial carrot for a supplier for better than agreed-on quality, reliability, delivery or performance and a financial stick for worse than agreed-on levels of those parameters), the principle is attractive but the practice is another matter. Suppliers are reluctant to accept financial penalties, especially for reliability targets are not reached, and customers are reluctant to extend financial incentives to suppliers if agreed-on targets are not met. In incentive contracting, the risks’ amount, probability, and impact are major factors influencing the design of the contract since the main purpose of this is transferring the risks. As well, there are several limitations to incentive contracting, as it depends on a purchaser with the ability to specify performance, the possibility of meaningful performance measures that can be identified, agreed upon and implemented, the existence of resources to oversee and monitor performance, and the practical ability to take action, including replacing the contractor, where performance is unsatisfactory. The front pages provide too-frequent illustration of the ways in which contract incentives designed by the best and most well-intentioned experts may yield unintended adverse consequences. Incentives can divert attention from other important goals, work too well on their own terms, or encourage distorted reporting. WORKS CITED 1. Aghion, P. Bolton, P. (2002). On Partial Contracting. European Economic Review. 46, 745-753. 2. Bolton, P. Dewatripont, M. (2005). Contract Theory. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3. Dimitri, N. , Piga, G. Spagnolo, G. (2006). The Handbook of Procurement. New York: Cambridge University Press. 4. Langfield-Smith, K. , Smith, D. Stringer, C. (2000). Managing the Outsourcing Relationship. Australia: University of South Wales Press, Ltd. 5. McIvor, R. (2005). The Outsourcing Process: Strategies for Evaluation and Management. New York: Cambridge University How to cite Building Flexibility Into Contracts, Papers

Triclosan Essay free essay sample

Weren’t anti-microbial agents considered safe for humans to use and not suppose to be harmful in nature? In recent studies, triclosan, an antibacterial compound is shown to be a harmful agent to humans rather than being helpful in keeping bacterial illnesses away. Presently, antimicrobials agents triclosan and triclocarban are examples of widely used antimicrobials agents in personal care products in United States and many other countries worldwide1. Triclosan is a 2,4,4- tricholoro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether and triclocarbon is a 3,4,4 – trichlorocarbanilide organic compound. One of the more common antimicrobial agents used in many househould products each year, triclosan is a synthetic, lipid-soluble, broad spectrum anti-microbial agent that was first used in health care setting in 1972 and then used in the toothpaste making industry in 1985 in Europe 2. From then onwards, triclosan has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in personal care products, household items, and in hospital settings to control the spread of bacterial illnesses in medical devices 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Triclosan Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition to FDA approving the use of triclosan as an over the counter drug for use in personal items and household items, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also regulates triclosan as an anti-microbial agent for the protection of polymers and plastics. However, recent studies prove that anti-microbial agent triclosan is turning to be more harmful than beneficial to humans even though it is effective with high efficacy levels in its mechanisms of action by inhibiting bacterial growth. The word â€Å"anti-microbial† has an automatic positive connotation and can also be seen as a misnomer because of the negative effects it has on the human population rather than promoting good health. In the United States, studies prove that triclosan is known for its high anti-microbial effectiveness and is readily available over the counter drug for personal use approved by FDA and EPA. The FDA regulates triclosan by making it readily available drug for use in hand soaps, deodorants, toothpaste, laundry detergents, fabric softeners, facial tissues, and antiseptics for wound care and medical devices. In addition, not knowing its possible harmful effects, FDA approved the usage of 0. 3% triclosan in Colgate Total toothpaste to prevent gingivitis tooth infection and cavities in humans in 1997 2 . Furthermore, triclosan is also used to control the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitals and in surgical clothing and sutures to prevent bacterial colonization of the surgical wounds2. Because of the usage of triclosan in the household and care products, human population can get direct exposure to triclosan through ingestion or dermal contact, spread in the environment which can lead to dangerous and harmful environment. Studies show triclosan deposits are found in finished drinking water, surface water, wastewater, wild fish, and in environmental sediments in some of the states around the United States2. The studies proved that mechanisms of action of triclosan are efficient in inhibiting the growth of bacteria by intercalating into the bacterial membranes and disrupting the membrane activities of the bacteria. In addition, triclosan inhibits the enoyl-reductase of type II fatty acid synthase involving in the bacteria’s lipid biosynthesis2. Triclosan is known to be more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria with being highly effective against Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, triclosan acts as a bacteriostatic at lower doses in any substance and bactericidal at higher doses. When acting as a bactericidal, triclosan acts against many different targets including the cell membrane and can act as an anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-malarial2. According to Fang et al. , the mechanisms of actions of triclosan in different household items proven by the American Medical Association in 2002 determined that triclosan containing soaps were efficacious. However, the research study found that triclosan does not reduce the bacterial counts on hands to a greater extent than a plain soap without any anti-microbial agent unless triclosan is added in high concentrations which then can be more harmful to humans than safe. In addition, an inner city study collected data for one-year period and concluded that there was no statistical difference between the use of â€Å"anti-microbial† household items like detergents and soaps compared to the use of identical products without anti-microbial agents in the household items. Studies examining the usage of triclosan in dentrifices concluded that persons using dentrifice with triclosan in it had 27% less plaque than individuals using dentrifices without triclosan2. However, the same study revealed that dentrices with combination of triclosan and zinc citrate were not effective against plaque or gingivitis2. Additionally, in a study that evaluated the efficacy of triclosan in sutures indicated that sutures with triclosan produced a 3-log reduction in the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in guinea pigs and 1-log reduction in the growth of E-coli bacteria in mice compared to sutures without triclosan2. Other examples include comparison of an anti-bacterial toothbrush containing triclosan-coated tufts with a regular toothbrush without triclosan which also did prove to not inhibit the bacterial growth on the anti-bacterial toothbrush2. It is noted that triclosan does inhibit the growth of bacteria; however the difference between using an anti-microbial household item and a regular household cleaning item is not much in terms of being safe from the bacterial illnesses. For example, it can be seen in the above paragraph that soaps that contain triclosan have not been proven to be more effective in preventing normal household illnesses than ordinary soap. Currently, research shows triclosan can be toxic and get into the circulation system of humans via absorption through the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract after oral exposure, through the skin, and through the mucosal tissues. It can act as a selective inhibitor of the glucuronidation and sulfonation of phenolic xenobiotics in human liver as well2. Triclosan is a slow binding inhibitor of human type I fatty acid synthase and is shown to inhibit cell growth of SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells3. Studies with P. aeruginosa, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and S. ureus showed that triclosan acts on a bacterial target in the bacterial fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, NADH-dependent enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase or in homolog InhA in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis4. Triclosan can form a stable ternary complex through interactions with amino acid residues of the active enzyme site and can act as a site-directed inhibitor of the enoyl protein reductase. In addition to these detrimental effects that can cause toxicity in humans or triclosan resistance, high concentrations of triclosan in anti-microbial products can also cause cell lysis through the inhibition of lipid, RNA, and rotein synthesis4. Toxicity of triclosan depends on the route of administration with intravenous administration through mucosal tissues showing the greatest degree of toxicity which might lead to dangerous side effects. For example, the study by Fang et al showed that through dermal route, the human participants had edema and dermal erythema as a side effect of triclosan in palomolive soap2. Additionally, the increased use of anti-bacterial in household products has been linked to increased allergies in children. Further studies specific to triclosan have shown that it affects reproduction in lab animals, produces toxic chemicals such as dioxin and chloroform when it reacts with other chemicals like the chlorine in water and the worse effect of causing cancer in human population3. A study by British researchers found that triclosan has estrogenic and androgenic hormone properties and exposure could potentially contribute to breast cancer1. Thus, there are many proven studies that explain the dangers of using excessive triclosan amounts in househould products and should be avoided if possible. In addition to triclosan causing known harmful systematic and environmental side effects, the problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance is also a result of long antibiotic use that has been studied for long by researchers. Triclosan’s increase in creating more potent strains of bacteria can lead to increasing antibacterial resistance which is a contributing factor to many household illnesses because of usage of â€Å"anti-bacterial† household products. This is due to the fact that triclosan kills most of the colonies of bacteria that it encounters and bacteria that survive become harder to kill increasing the bacterial resistance. It is evident that bacteria use different mechanisms to develop resistance to any biocide. Thus, the problem of bacteria becoming resistance to triclosan through target mutations, active efflux and degradative enzymes is on the rise presently. For example, in a laboratory study with triclosan to study target mutation, scientists showed that fabI mutations caused cross-resistance with other antimicrobial agents in E-coli. Thus, certain biocides share targets with antibiotics and greater use of biocide will select resistance against useful drugs like tricosan4. Continuing, triclosan resistance in M. megmatis and M. tuberculosis caused resistance to isoniazid which is a drug used to treat the tuberculosis infections4. Another mechanism of triclosan resistance is the efflux from the bacterial cell. Bacteria express efflux pumps in the nodulation cell division family, the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), the small multidrug resistance family (SMR), the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family and the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family4. Schweizer also demonstrated that all of the family transporters catalyze the drug efflux through the required energy in the form of ATP and proton motive force4. Finally, the most recent studies have two findings that conclud that triclosan and antibiotic resistance are connected to each other. First, triclosan and antibiotics share multidrug efflux systems as a mechanism of resistance and select similar mutations in regulatory loci as a mechanism of resistance. Second, M. tuberculosis regulating mutation leading to isoniazid resistance was also seen in triclosan resistance4. In conclusion, since both triclosan and antibiotics are linked, it is possible that widespread use of triclosan in many household products may lead to antibiotic resistance and triclosan resistance. Antibacterial resistance is not the only health concern associated with triclosan. Studies have proven recently that the increased use of antibacterials with triclosan in household products can be dangerous and more harmful than beneficial because not only triclosan can affect systemic routes or can contribute to bacterial resistance; it also poses a threat to the environment. It is toxic to algae and accumulates in fish. This major issue is becoming larger as many products that contain triclosan are now washing down into the water systems, making triclosan a common contaminant of streams and rivers. Thus, causing a bioaccumulation of triclosan in organisms in water and spreading through aquatic and terrestrial food webs. In addition, triclosan also has been found in blood, urine sample and in breast milk of humans around the world1. While public who uses triclosan products daily have higher levels of the chemical in their systems, consumers who do not use triclosan on their skin are exposed to the chemical through food, water and through the usage of household products.